Issue 22, 2024

P-doped spherical hard carbon with high initial coulombic efficiency and enhanced capacity for sodium ion batteries

Abstract

Hard carbon (HC) is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its cost-effectiveness and low-voltage plateau capacity. Heteroatom doping is considered as an effective strategy to improve the sodium storage capacity of HC. However, most of the previous heteroatom doping strategies are performed at a relatively low temperature, which could not be utilized to raise the low-voltage plateau capacity. Moreover, extra doping of heteroatoms could create new defects, leading to a low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). Herein, we propose a repair strategy based on doping a trace amount of P to achieve a high capacity along with a high ICE. By employing the cross-linked interaction between glucose and phytic acid to achieve the in situ P doped spherical hard carbon, the obtained PHC-0.2 possesses a large interlayer space that facilitates Na+ storage and transportation. In addition, doping a suitable amount of P could repair some defects in carbon layers. When used as an anode material for SIBs, the PHC-0.2 exhibits an enhanced reversible capacity of 343 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1 with a high ICE of 92%. Full cells consisting of a PHC-0.2 anode and a Na2Fe0.5Mn0.5[Fe(CN)6] cathode exhibited an average potential of 3.1 V with an initial discharge capacity of 255 mA h g−1 and an ICE of 85%. The full cell displays excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 80.3% after 170 cycles. This method is simple and low-cost, which can be extended to other energy storage materials.

Graphical abstract: P-doped spherical hard carbon with high initial coulombic efficiency and enhanced capacity for sodium ion batteries

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Edge Article
Submitted
28 Feb 2024
Accepted
10 Apr 2024
First published
11 Apr 2024
This article is Open Access

All publication charges for this article have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Chem. Sci., 2024,15, 8478-8487

P-doped spherical hard carbon with high initial coulombic efficiency and enhanced capacity for sodium ion batteries

Z. Liu, J. Zhao, H. Yao, X. He, H. Zhang, Y. Qiao, X. Wu, L. Li and S. Chou, Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 8478 DOI: 10.1039/D4SC01395F

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