RGB tri-luminescence in organic–inorganic zirconium halide perovskites

Abstract

Materials with two or more fluorescence features under different excitation sources have great potential in optical applications, but luminous materials with three emission characteristics have been largely undeveloped. Here, we report a novel zero-dimensional (0D) organic–inorganic hybrid ((C₂H₅)₄N)₂ZrCl₆ perovskite with multiple emissions. The zirconium-based perovskite exhibits a red emission around 620 nm, a green emission at 527 nm, and a blue emission around 500 nm. The red and green emissions come from self-trapped excitons (STEs) and the d–d transitions of Zr(IV), respectively, which are caused by distortion of the [ZrCl₆]²⁻ octahedra. The blue emission is caused by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), which is similar to that of Cs₂ZrCl₆. The absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the red and blue double emission is up to 83% and the PLQY of the green emission is 27%. With different combinations of ((C₂H₅)₄N)₂ZrCl₆ samples, we achieve a variety of applications, including a two-color luminescent anti-counterfeiting device, a white light-emitting diode (WLED) with a color rendering index (CRI) of 95 and information encryption with different excitations. We also synthesize other hybrid zirconium perovskites with tri-luminescence through a similar method. Our work provides a potential set of excitation-dependent luminescent materials and is expected to expand the basic research and practical applications of multi-luminescence materials.