Post-functionalization of triamino-phenazinium dyes to reach near-infrared emission

Abstract

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of phenazinium dyes with absorption ranging from red to far-red, as well as emission extending into the far-red to near-infrared (NIR) region. The procedure involves the post-functionalization of a triamino-phenazinium that was recently reported as a theranostic agent. The introduction of electron-withdrawing moieties is accomplished through acylation or aromatic nucleophilic substitution. For one of the obtained products, a further substitution step could be achieved with primary amines to tune the electron density of the phenazinium core. The isolated dyes exhibit promising features that hold potential for future applications as biological markers or therapeutic agents.