Enhancing photocatalytic tetracycline degradation through the fabrication of high surface area CeO2 from a cerium–organic framework

Abstract

Water pollution is a global environmental issue, and the presence of pharmaceutical compounds, such as tetracyclines (TCs), in aquatic ecosystems has raised growing concerns due to the potential risks to both the environment and human health. A high surface area CeO₂ was prepared via atmospheric thermal treatment of a metal–organic framework of cerium and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate. The effects of calcination temperature on the morphology, structure, light absorption properties and tetracycline removal efficiency were studied. The best activity of the photocatalysts could be achieved when the heat treatment temperature is 300 °C, which enhances the photocatalytic degradation performance towards tetracycline under visible light. The resulting CeO₂ particles have high capacity for adsorbing TCs from aqueous solution: 90 mg g⁻¹ for 60 mg L⁻¹ TCs. As a result, 98% of the initial TC can be removed under simulated sunlight irradiation. The cooperation of moderate defect concentration and disordered structure showed tetracycline removal activity about 10 times higher than the initial Ce-MOF. An embryotoxicity assessment on zebrafish revealed that treatment with CeO₂ particles significantly decreased the toxicity of TC solutions.