Mechanisms of photoisomerization of the prenylated flavin mononucleotide cofactor: a theoretical study

Abstract

The enzymatic decarboxylation of α,β-unsaturated acids using the ferulic acid decarboxylase (Fdc1) enzyme and prenylated flavin mononucleotide (prFMN) cofactor is a potential, environmentally friendly reaction for the biosynthesis of styrene and its derivatives. However, experiments showed that the enzyme activity of Fdc1 depends on the ring structure of prFMN, namely, the iminium and ketimine forms, and the loss of enzyme activity results from prFMN^im → prFMN^ket photoisomerization. To obtain insight into this photochemical process and to improve the enzyme efficiency of Fdc1, two proposed photoisomerization mechanisms with different proton sources for the acid–base reaction were studied herein using theoretical methods. The potential energy surfaces calculated using the density functional theory method with the Becke, 3-parameter, and Lee–Yang–Parr hybrid functionals and DZP basis set (DFT/B3LYP/DZP) and TD-DFT/B3LYP/DZP methods confirmed that the light-dependent reaction occurs in the rate-determining proton transfer process and that the mechanism involving intermolecular proton transfer between prFMN^im and Glu282 (external base) is energetically more favorable than that involving intramolecular proton transfer in prFMN^im (internal base). The thermodynamic results obtained from the transition state theory method suggested that the exothermic relaxation energy in the photo-to-thermal process can promote the spontaneous formation of a high-energy-barrier transition state, and an effective enzymatic decarboxylation could be achieved by slowing down the formation of the undesirable thermodynamically favorable product (prFMN^ket). Because the rate constant for formation of the high-energy-barrier transition state varies exponentially over the temperature range of 273–298 K, and experimental results have shown that incubating Fdc1 on ice results in a complete loss of enzyme activity, it is recommended to perform the decarboxylation reaction at 285 K to strike a balance between minimizing enzyme stability loss at 273 K and mitigating the effects of UV irradiation. The computational strategy and fundamental insights obtained in this study could serve as guidelines for future theoretical and experimental investigations on the same and similar photochemical systems.