Morphologically tuned CuO–ZnO–CeO2 catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Abstract

Morphologically modified composite CuO–ZnO–CeO₂ catalysts were synthesized using a single-step hydrothermal technique. The study highlights the influence of solvent on the structural and physico-chemical properties of the catalysts. Various techniques, such as XRD, FE-SEM, BET, XPS, and H₂-TPR, were used to analyze the catalyst properties. Among the synthesized materials, the catalyst, prepared with a N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF)-to-metal nitrates ratio of 20 (named as CZC-1), showed enhanced active sites in the form of surface features such as nanowire-like morphology, large surface area, low crystallite size, increased oxygen vacancies, and high CuO dispersion. A bench-scale fixed-bed flow reactor was used to examine the catalytic performance of the catalysts. At 225 °C reactor temperature, 30 bar reactor pressure, and with a space velocity of 6000 cm³ g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹, the CZC-1 catalyst showed 13.6% CO₂ conversion and 74.1% methanol selectivity. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analysis confirmed the carbonate–formate–methoxy reaction pathway for methanol formation using the CZC-1 catalyst.