Selective electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural at low working potentials promoted by 3D hierarchical Cu(OH)2@Ni3Co1-layered double hydroxide architecture with oxygen vacancies

Abstract

Selective electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is of great significance in the manufacture of fine chemicals, liquid fuels, pharmaceuticals, plastics, etc., but still suffers from the high potential input, resulting in high electricity consumption. Developing active, low-cost and stable electrocatalysts is crucial for this electrochemical reaction at low working potentials. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical Cu(OH)₂@Ni₃Co₁-layered double hydroxide architecture with abundant oxygen vacancies (Vo) was synthesized by facile electrodeposition of Ni₃Co₁-LDH nanosheets on copper foam (CF) supported-Cu(OH)₂ nanorods (CF/Cu(OH)₂@Ni₃Co₁-LDH) for the selective electrooxidation of HMF to FDCA. The 3D hierarchical architecture of the Cu(OH)₂ nanorod core loaded with Ni₃Co₁-LDH nanosheet shell facilitates the rapid transfer of charges and exposes more active sites. The synergistic effect of the core–shell nanoarray structure, atomic level dispersion of Ni and Co on LDH laminates, and rich Vo gives 98.12% conversion of HMF, 98.64% yield and 91.71% selectivity for FDCA at a low working potential of 1.0 V vs. RHE. In addition, CF/Cu(OH)₂@Ni₃Co₁-LDH exhibits superior stability by maintaining 93.26% conversion of HMF, 93.65% yield and 91.57% selectivity of FDCA after eight successive cycles, showing the immense potential of utilizing electrochemical conversion for biomass.