Fluorescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit distinguished applications in sensing, especially in UV dosimeters. Although the design strategy focuses on choosing metal ions and ligands, utilizing the host–guest interactions of phosphonate-based MOFs to tune sensitivity and reliability is relatively rare, and the cases for understanding the mechanism are even fewer. Based on the crystal engineering method, a series of guest molecules were prepared to design host–guest interactions with variable π systems and three fluorescent MOFs were successfully constructed based on uranyl cations and phosphonate ligands (uranyl phosphonate frameworks, UPFs), namely, [4,4-bpyH]1.5(UO2)(TppmH4.5)(H2O)·2H2O (UPF-112), [2,2-bpyH](UO2)2(TppmH3)(H2O)·H2O (UPF-113) and [phenH](UO2)1.5(TppmH4) (UPF-114), for UV detection via fluorescence quenching, originating from UV-excited radicals. Their sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability depend on the concentration and lifetime of radicals, which are tuned by host–guest interactions (π system mainly). The fluorescence quenching of UPF-114 could reach 95.56% at a UV dose of 2.701 × 10−4 mJ in 120 min, and the quenching of UPF-112 and UPF-113 was 75.42% and 90.29%, respectively, in 180 min at a UV dose of 4.053 × 10−4 mJ. Based on the collected data, the detection limits of UPF-112, UPF-113, and UPF-114 were calculated to be 9.54 × 10−12 J, 5.98 × 10−12 J and 2.96 × 10−12 J, respectively. Such a low detection limit is one of the best among fluorescence-based UV detectors that are currently available. The results guide the preparation of highly sensitive and reliable UV dose detectors through the rational design of host–guest interactions.