Biological entities of green factories for nano-grafting zinc oxide: a comparative antibacterial mechanism

Abstract

Triple channeling of zinc metal through Withania coagulans, Cordia myxa, and Fagonia cretica bio-reducing potentials was performed using a one-pot synthesis. The main aim of this study was to explore the best capping potential from three different sources for grafting zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with unique morphologies and functionality. ZnO NPs prepared using three plant extracts i.e.; W. coagulans, C. myxa, and F. cretica showed strong synthetic peaks at 360 nm, 350 nm, and 350 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed multi-lobed, flower-shaped, and needle-shaped morphologies for ZnO@W, ZnO@C, and ZnO@F respectively while their zeta potential values were between −20 mV and −40 mV. GC-mass indicates the significant number and amount of water and ethanol-soluble biomolecules with a powerful reduction potential for the synthesis and governing of the green surface chemistry over ZnO@W, ZnO@C, and ZnO@F. High-definition indexing of 3D porous nanoparticles provided a complete biological hierarchy to enhanced bacterial termination. ZnO@W exhibited more significant antibacterial behavior as compared to ZnO@C and ZnO@F. ZnO@W exhibited 69.2%, 70.1% and 92.3% inhibition, ZnO@C exhibited 46.15% 61.5%, and 76.9% inhibition while ZnO@F exhibited 53.8%, 61.5%, and 76.9% inhibition as compared to the control for S. aureus. Similarly, for E. coli ZnO@W showed 62.1%, 76.7%, and 84.9% inhibition, ZnO@C showed 46.1%, 53.7%, and 61.9% inhibition while ZnO@F showed 51.4%, 63.8%, and 72.3% inhibition, higher antibacterial potential as compared to the control. The current work suggests these materials could be effective in the future based on their novel morphology in a wide range of applications such as wastewater treatment, nanomedicine, and agriculture.