A metabolomic snapshot through NMR revealed differences in phase transition during the induction of reproduction in Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta)

Abstract

The present study deals with the metabolomic status of Ulva cells undergoing phase transition (vegetative, determination and differentiation) when exposed to different abiotic conditions. The objective was to study whether metabolite changes occurring during the phase transition reveal any commonality among differential abiotic conditions. The phase transition was followed through microscopic observations and ¹H NMR characterization at 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h after the incubation of the thallus under abiotic conditions, such as different salinities (20–35 psu), temperatures (20–35 °C), photoperiods (18 : 6, 12 : 12, and 6 : 18 D/N), light intensities (220, 350, and 500 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), nitrate (0.05–0.2 g L⁻¹) and phosphate (0.05–0.2 g L⁻¹) concentrations. Microscopic analysis revealed the role of all abiotic conditions except variable salinity and phosphate concentration in phase transition. NMR analysis revealed that glucose increased in the determination phase [7.58 to 9.62 normalized intensity (AU)] and differentiation phase (5.85 to 6.41 AU) from 20 °C to 25 °C temperature. Coniferyl aldehyde increased in vegetative (5.79 to 6.83 AU) and differentiation (6.66 to 7.40 AU) phases from 20 °C to 30 °C temperature. The highest average (22.97) was found in photoperiod (average range = 0–122.91) and the highest SD (24.73) in salinity (SD range = 1.86–57.04) in region 9 (creatinine and cysteine) of the differentiation phase. A total of 30 metabolites were identified under the categories of sugars, amino acids, and aromatic compounds. The present study will aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying cell differentiation during reproduction. The result may serve as an important reference point for future studies, besides helping in controlling seedling preparation for commercial farming as well as the management of rapid green tide formation.