Metal ion interference therapy: metal-based nanomaterials-mediated mechanism and strategies to boost intracellular “ion storm” for cancer treatment

Abstract

Metal ion interference therapy (MIIT) has emerged as a promising approach in the realm of nanomedicine for combatting cancer. With advancements in nanotechnology and tumor targeting-related strategies, sophisticated nanoplatforms have emerged to facilitate efficient MIIT in xenografted mouse models. However, the diverse range of metal ions and the intricacies of cellular metabolism have present challenges in fully understanding this therapeutic approach, thereby impeding its progress. To address these issues, various amplification strategies centered on ionic homeostasis and cancer cell metabolism have been devised to enhance MIIT efficacy. In this review, the remarkable progress in intrinsic mechanism and nanomedicines of Fe, Cu, Ca, and Zn ion interference are mainly summarized with a particular emphasis on what kinds of amplification strategies are employed to strengthen MIIT. The aim is to inspire in-depth thinking about MIIT and provide guidance and ideas for the construction of more powerful nanoplatforms. Finally, the challenges and prospects of this emerging treatment are discussed to pave the way for the next generation of cancer treatments and to achieve the desired efficacy in patients.