Theoretical study of the structural and energetic properties of Ce1−xZrxO2 nanoparticles via molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract

The combination of ceria (CeO₂) with different metal oxides (MO₂), e.g. Ce_1−xM_xO₂, has been strategically used to enhance its intrinsic properties. Moreover, the controlled synthesis of mixed oxide nanoparticles (NPs) opens the opportunity to explore the size dependence and chemical composition of the physical–chemical properties. However, our atomic-level understanding of how the physical–chemical and thermodynamic characteristics change with particle size and composition remains far from satisfactory. Here, we used force-field molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effects of composition (x) and size on the physical–chemical properties of Ce_1−xZr_xO₂ NPs with diameter from 1 (32 cations) up to 3 nm (256 cations), where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. We found abrupt changes in potential energy versus temperature for NPs with more than 108 cations, indicating a structural phase transition from disordered to ordered structures, which was confirmed by the radial distribution function. We found a linear relationship between the phase transition temperature (T_pt) and the size and composition of the NPs: the increase in the molar fraction of Zr⁴⁺ and the reduction in particle size are related to lower T_pt temperature and less defined decays of potential energy versus temperature. NPs larger than 56 cations show a radial distribution function with several peaks, which is related to the order of cations and anions in these structures. These peaks gradually disappear as the size decreases and the fraction of Zr⁴⁺ increases. Similar trends were observed with X-ray diffraction analysis; for example, fluorite-like motifs occur even with 56 cations in the case of ceria, but only for NPs with 108 cations for zirconia. Common neighbor analysis confirmed that NPs with well-defined values of the temperature T_pt have face-centered cubic (fcc)-like domains in the core region. The number of ordered fcc cations increases with increasing NP size and decreasing Zr⁴⁺ concentration. Finally, we observed that ceria nucleate first during simulated annealing and occupy highly coordinated sites within the core, while Zr⁴⁺ prefers the lowest coordinated sites on the surface.