Issue 24, 2023

In vitro biological evaluation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) release from three-dimensional printed (3DP) calcium phosphate bone scaffolds

Abstract

Three-dimensional printed (3DP) tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds can guide bone regeneration, especially for patient-specific defect repair applications in low-load bearing sites. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea compound, has gained attention as a safer alternative treatment for bone disorders. The 3DP TCP scaffold is designed for localized EGCG delivery, which can enhance in vitro osteogenic ability, anti-osteoclastogenic activity, vascularization formation, and chemoprevention. In the cocultures of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and monocytes (THP-1), EGCG release enhances osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs at day 16 compared to the control; this is indicated by a 2.8- and 4.0-fold upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), the early and late osteoblast differentiation marker expressions. However, EGCG significantly downregulates the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression by 7.0-fold, indicating that EGCG suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast maturation. EGCG also stimulates endothelial tube formation at as early as 3 hours when human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) grow on Matrigel. It reduces human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell viability by 66% compared to the control at day 11. An in vitro release kinetics study demonstrates that EGCG shows a ∼64% release within a day followed by a sustained release in the physiological environment (pH 7.4) because its phenolic hydroxyl groups are easily deprotonated at physiological pH. These findings contribute to developing a multifunctional scaffold for the treatment of low load-bearing patient-specific bone defects after trauma and tumor excision.

Graphical abstract: In vitro biological evaluation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) release from three-dimensional printed (3DP) calcium phosphate bone scaffolds

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
14 Oct 2022
Accepted
15 Dec 2022
First published
21 Dec 2022

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2023,11, 5503-5513

In vitro biological evaluation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) release from three-dimensional printed (3DP) calcium phosphate bone scaffolds

Y. Jo, N. Sarkar and S. Bose, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2023, 11, 5503 DOI: 10.1039/D2TB02210A

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