A series of boron difluoride complexes of azinylcarbazoles: synthesis and structure–property relationships

Abstract

A series of boron difluoride (BF₂) complexes of azinylcarbazoles 1b–1h were synthesized, and the effects of the structure of azine moieties on the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the BF₂ complexes were clarified. UV–vis analysis of 1b with quinoline, 1c with isoquinoline, and fully fused 1d revealed that fusion with a benzene ring to a pyridylcarbazole BF₂ complex (1a) resulted in red shifts of longest-maximum absorption wavelengths (λ_max). UV–vis analysis of 1e and 1f with pyrimidine, 1g with pyridazine, and 1h with pyrazine revealed that substitution of a carbon atom to a nitrogen atom in 1a also resulted in red shifts of λ_max. The fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_f) decreased from 1a to 1b–1h, and especially, the fluorescence of 1e, 1g, and 1h was quenched in solution. At 77 K, the emission intensities of 1b–1h were significantly increased compared with those at ambient temperature, and they also exhibited phosphorescence with relatively narrow energy gaps between the singlet and triplet excited states. These results on the emission at 77 K indicate that the quench of fluorescence from 1e, 1g, and 1h at ambient temperature originates from both internal conversions and intersystem crossing. In the solid state, all of the complexes including 1e, 1g, and 1h exhibited emission. Distinctive aggregation-induced emission properties were observed for 1e–1h. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the replacement of the pyridine moiety in 1a with azine moieties reduced electrochemical gaps mainly due to a decrease in the LUMO levels. The effects of azine moieties on electronic structures were also discussed based on theoretical calculations.