Recent progress of transition metal-based catalysts as cathodes in O2/H2O-involved and pure Li–CO2 batteries

Abstract

The combination of clean energy storage and reducing CO₂ emissions is an effective strategy to meet the growing energy demands and achieve a sustainable route. Consequently, Li–CO₂ batteries have received extensive attention, which is ascribed to their dual functions of energy storage and CO₂ capture. Nevertheless, the development and utilization of Li–CO₂ batteries are still in their infancy and face considerable challenges, such as high polarization, cathode inactivation, and environmental sensitivity. Thus, it is necessary to fully understand the reaction mechanism of Li–CO₂ batteries, explore the catalytic capabilities, crucial functions and influencing factors of various catalytic cathodes, and formulate corresponding modification measures to achieve high-performance Li–CO₂ batteries. In this review, we systematically introduce the electrochemical reaction mechanism of O₂-involved, H₂O-involved and pure Li–CO₂ batteries, and then systematically introduce the latest research progress of transition metal-based catalysts, including their composition and structure, and the corresponding effects on their electrochemical performance. Based on a comprehensive overview of the current research progress, we present perspectives and directions for the exploration of Li–CO₂ batteries and further provide guidance for the future development and practical utilization of Li–CO₂ batteries.