Visible light sensing of ions by a cyanoquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide-based probe and its applications

Abstract

Inducting newer fluorophores for colourimetry/fluorimetry-assisted analyte sensing is of great importance. Towards this end, we have shown the application of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide bioactive molecules for the first time as potential probes for cations and anions. The molecule (ACQ) used in this study is soluble in water and provides specific colour output upon interaction with copper and palladium ions. Changing the solvent to DMSO allows a change in selectivity to fluoride ions via pink to blue colour change. All the ions detected showed quenching of the fluorescence signal upon interaction with the probe. Analysis of the Stern–Volmer plot indicated the predominant role of static quenching in the selective ion-sensing behaviour of the probe. The stoichiometry of the ACQ and ion was 2 : 1 in the case of Cu²⁺ and Pd²⁺, whereas a ratio of 1 : 1 was seen in the case of F⁻. We have also applied ACQ to probe the above-mentioned analytes in practical settings.