A π-stacking highly stable insensitive energetic inner salt and its insensitive energetic salts

Abstract

π-Stacking structures have received extensive attention due to their outstanding performance in balancing the contradiction between safety and energy in energetic materials. Therefore, we designed and synthesized triazole/tetrazole-based energetic compounds with conjugated structures. A π-stacked energetic inner salt 5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-olate monohydrate (TzTO·H₂O, 1·H₂O) was finally obtained through a four-step maturation reaction using 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carbonitrile as a raw material. TzTO·H₂O was then reacted with ammonia water, hydroxylamine aqueous solution, and hydrazine hydrate at 80 °C to obtain its ammonium salt (2), hydroxylammonium salt (3), and hydrazinium salt (4), respectively. Tests on thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance showed that compounds 1–4 all exhibited high stability (T_d ≥ 238 °C), insensitivity (FS ≥ 360 N, IS ≥ 40 J), and good detonation performance (D ≥ 7757 m s⁻¹, P ≥ 24.1 GPa) (better than TNT, D = 6881 m s⁻¹, P = 19.5 GPa).