Visible-light driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction promoted by organic photosensitizers and a Mn(i) catalyst

Abstract

Photocatalytic systems for CO₂ reduction can greatly benefit from the development of fully organic photoredox sensitizers, so as to move away from the use of rare elements. In this study, a series of organic molecules, displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) containing diphenylamine (4DPAIPN, 3DPAFIPN) or carbazole (5CzBN, 4CzIPN, 3CzClIPN) moieties as electron donating groups were systematically investigated as photoredox sensitizers for CO₂ reduction, coupled with a Mn(I)-complex as the catalyst (Mn). All of the TADF dyes were reductively quenched by BIH in triethanolamine (TEOA)–N,N-dimethylacetoamide solutions. However, their photocatalytic performances were markedly different. 5CzBN, 4CzIPN, and 3CzClIPN did not work as photosensitizers in the studied photocatalytic system because of low absorbance in the visible region and/or low reducing power of their one-electron reduced species. On the other hand, TADF molecules possessing diphenylamine groups are characterized by stronger absorption in the visible region and their one-electron reduced species have stronger reducing power. In particular, 4DPAIPN proved to be the best performing photosensitizer when using a molar ratio of photosensitizer : catalyst = 1 : 1 and a 470 nm LED source, yielding TON_CO+HCOOH > 650 and Φ_CO+HCOOH = 22.8 ± 1.5%.