Issue 8, 2023

Combined, time-resolved, in situ neutron reflectometry and X-ray diffraction analysis of dynamic SEI formation during electrochemical N2 reduction

Abstract

One means of improving performance for electrochemical ammonia production through the Li-mediated N2 reduction reaction (Li-NRR) is by cycling the current driving the reaction between open-circuit conditions and periods of applied current density. Herein, we have investigated the dynamics of the electrode–electrolyte interface under Li-NRR conditions during current cycling using in situ time-resolved neutron reflectometry and grazing-incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. During cycling, measured neutron reflectivity curves indicated bilayer formation in which Li-containing species such as LiOH, Li2O, and small quantities of Li3N and metallic Li primarily appeared in a thin layer at the cathode surface, above which formed a much larger, porous, ‘solid–electrolyte interface’ (SEI) layer. Upon return to open-circuit conditions, Li-containing species quickly moved out of the thin layer, leaving a compact, stable layer of decomposition products underneath the SEI layer. This SEI layer concomitantly filled with electrolyte or dissolved, becoming indistinguishable from the electrolyte via contrast in scattering-length density (SLD). During the second current cycle, Li-containing species again preferentially deposited directly atop the cathode, with the thick SEI-like layer again appearing within a minute. This SEI layer exhibited a lower SLD more quickly than in the first cycle, which might suggest that Li-containing species become distributed within the porous SEI layer. Thus, these time-resolved observations of SEI and plated layers during current cycling suggest that benefits associated with return to open-circuit conditions between periods of applied current density may be related to the concomitant loss of Li-containing species from a thin layer at the cathode surface into a porous SEI layer that becomes filled with electrolyte or dissolves.

Graphical abstract: Combined, time-resolved, in situ neutron reflectometry and X-ray diffraction analysis of dynamic SEI formation during electrochemical N2 reduction

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
15 Nov 2022
Accepted
05 Jun 2023
First published
28 Jun 2023

Energy Environ. Sci., 2023,16, 3391-3406

Author version available

Combined, time-resolved, in situ neutron reflectometry and X-ray diffraction analysis of dynamic SEI formation during electrochemical N2 reduction

S. J. Blair, M. Doucet, V. A. Niemann, K. H. Stone, M. E. Kreider, J. F. Browning, C. E. Halbert, H. Wang, P. Benedek, E. J. McShane, A. C. Nielander, A. Gallo and T. F. Jaramillo, Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 3391 DOI: 10.1039/D2EE03694K

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