A feasible pathway to stabilize monoclinic and tetragonal phase coexistence in barium titanate-based ceramics

Abstract

Multiphase coexistence has attracted significant interest in recent years because its control has entailed a significant breakthrough for the piezoelectric activity enhancement of lead-free piezoelectric oxides. However, the comprehension of phase coexistence still has many controversies including an adequate synthesis process and/or the role played by crystalline phases in functional properties. In this study, functional barium titanate [BaTiO₃, (BTO)]-based materials with tunable functional properties were obtained by compositional modification via Bismuth (Bi) doping. Towards this aim, we systematically synthesized BTO-based materials by a sol–gel method, focusing on the control of Bi substitution in the BaTiO₃ structure. In particular, we found that the substitution of Bi⁺³ leads to the stabilization of a monoclinic–tetragonal (M–T) phase boundary close to room temperature, which facilities the polarization process of the system. As a surprising result, we believe that the simple and cost-effective strategy and design principles described in this work open up the possibility of obtaining BTO-based lead-free ceramics with enhanced properties induced by the stabilization of the phase coexistence, expanding their application range.