Transition metal single atom embedded GaN monolayer surface for efficient and selective CO2 electroreduction

Abstract

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted attention for electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into valuable products using renewable electricity. Herein, by means of density functional theory (DFT) computations, we report a descriptor-based design principle to investigate the potential of 3d/4d and 5d transition metal (TM) single atoms (SAs) embedded gallium nitride (GaN) monolayers as electrocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). We show that both initial CO₂ adsorption and activation are hugely influenced by an intricate interplay between the local coordination environment, surface charge density and electronic structure properties of catalysts. Based on this analysis, we readily identified 15 TM-SACs which are capable of activating an inert CO₂ molecule to form a carbon dioxide radical anion (CO₂˙^–). Our mechanistic analysis and descriptor-based screening approach predicted Mn/Rh/Os/Ir-SAC to be one of the most promising CO₂RR electrocatalysts. Remarkably, the proposed lowest free energy pathway analysis indicated that the Rh-SAC has the best activity towards formation of HCOOH with a limiting potential (U_L) of −0.42 V, while the Ir-SAC exhibits a better catalytic activity for CH₄ production with a U_L of −0.48 V and a selectivity of 97% against the competing HER process. Our findings provide a deep insight into designing highly selective and efficient CO₂RR electrocatalysts.