New insights into the mechanism of cation migration induced by cation–anion dynamic coupling in superionic conductors

Abstract

Understanding the ion diffusion mechanism is one of the key preconditions for designing superionic conductors in solid state lithium batteries and many other energy devices. Besides the single-cation vacancy/interstitial-assisted and multi-cation concerted migration, the dynamic coupling between cations and anions has been detected in systems containing SO₄²⁻, PS₄³⁻, BH₄⁻, etc., and is also believed to relate to the cation migration. Here, a theory of the cation–anion interactions is presented, which classifies the coupling into vibrational-type and rotational-type according to the motion behavior of anion groups and their contributions to the ionic conductivity are analyzed. By screening the dynamic characteristics of common anion groups, a new system containing anion-assisted Li migration is identified in LiBF₄ and Li₂BF₅. Based on a thorough analysis of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, the Li⁺ migration induced by BF₄⁻ motion is separated from the hopping steps, and the vibration- and the rotation-assisted-migration are identified as the two characteristic processes to realize the long-range diffusion of Li⁺ ions.