Interactions between pH, reactive species, and cells in plasma-activated water can remove algae

Abstract

Lightning strikes cause nitrogen to dissolve in water and form reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which form natural fertilizers that can be absorbed through plant roots. Such processes during rainstorm events can be simulated by applying plasma to a solution. Plasma-activated water (PAW) has great potential as a source of various dissolved reactive chemical species. Different mixtures of species are produced using different solution compositions. Here, basil seeds were grown in PAW to prevent blooms of Chlorella vulgaris and ion chromatography and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to quantify reactive ions. NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, and H₂O₂ were found to be key to the antialgal effect. Secondary reactive ions such as peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻, ONOOH) were also involved. The antialgal effect was strongly related to the pH around the algal cells. Acidification was predominantly caused by the generation of NO₂⁻ and H₂O₂. After two weeks monitoring basil growth, the antifungal properties were preserved, few reactive oxygen species formed in the plasma zone, and only reactive nitrogen species were transformed into reactive peroxynitrite ions. The pH around the cells was determined using an iridium oxide microelectrode. The PAW antialgal mechanism depended on acidic conditions (pH 2.2, at which peroxynitrite can be generated) under which ONOOH penetrated the algal cell membranes, destroying the cells and preventing growth. This practical and sustainable PAW process allows a surprising amount of fertilizer to be generated with an antialgal effect that could be used in various eco-friendly agricultural processes under ambient conditions.