An expanded sandwich-like heterostructure with thin FeP nanosheets@graphene via charge-driven self-assembly as high-performance anodes for sodium ion battery

Abstract

In this work, we simply fabricate a novel expanded sandwich-like heterostructure of iron-phosphide nanosheets in between reduced graphene oxide (expanded FeP NSs@rGO) with a high ratio of FeP/Fe-PO_x and an expanded structure via a charge-driven self-assembly method by exploiting polystyrene beads (PSBs) as a sacrificial template. In such a design, even after the decomposition of PSBs during the annealing process, the PSBs successfully provide ample space between the nanosheets, enabling a structure with long-term stability and high ionic conductivity. Importantly, the PSBs are decomposed and simultaneously reacted with oxidized iron-phosphide (Fe-PO_x) on the surface of the nanosheets to reduce into FeP. As a result, the expanded FeP NSs@rGO results in a high content of FeP (52.3%) and remarkable electrochemical performances when it is used for sodium-ion battery anodes. The expanded FeP NSs@rGO exhibits a high capacity of 916.1 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹, a superior rate capability of 440.9 mA h g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹, and a long-term cycling stability of 85.4% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. In addition, the full cell also exhibits excellent capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. This study clearly demonstrates that an increase in FeP proportion is directly related to an increase in capacity. This facile method of synthesizing rationally designed heterostructures is expected to provide a novel strategy to create nanostructures for advanced energy storage applications.