InSe:Ge-doped InSe van der Waals heterostructure to enhance photogenerated carrier separation for self-powered photoelectrochemical-type photodetectors

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials with tunable heterostructures and superior optoelectronic properties have opened a new platform for various applications, e.g., field-effect transistors, ultrasensitive photodetectors and photocatalysts. In this work, an InSe/InSe(Ge) (germanium doped InSe) vdW heterostructure is designed to improve the photoresponse performance of sole InSe in a photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetector. Photoelectrochemical measurements demonstrated that this heterostructure has excellent photoresponse characteristics, including a photocurrent density of 9.8 μA cm⁻², a photo-responsivity of 64 μA W⁻¹, and a response time/recovery time of 0.128 s/0.1 s. Moreover, the measurements also revealed the self-powering capability and long-term cycling stability of this heterostructure. The electronic properties of the prepared pure and Ge-doped single crystals unveiled a negative and temperature-independent thermoelectric power and temperature-activated resistivity. The negative character of dominating charge carriers was confirmed by Hall measurements, which corroborated by electrical resistivity revealed a carrier concentration below ∼10¹⁵ cm⁻³ and an electron mobility of ∼500 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ in Ge-doped crystals. Additionally, the Mott–Schottky model explored the mechanism of charge transfer and enhanced PEC performance. Band bending at the InSe/InSe(Ge)–electrolyte interface benefits the separation and transformation of photogenerated carriers from the heterostructure to electrolyte due to the tunable energy band alignment. These results indicate that the InSe/InSe(Ge) vdW heterostructure is promising for PEC-type photodetectors, which provide a novel way to utilize 2D vdW heterostructures in optoelectronics.