Dynamic tracking of p21 mRNA in living cells by sticky-flares for the visual evaluation of the tumor treatment effect

Abstract

Monitoring the expression level of the intracellular tumor suppressor gene p21 mRNA is essential to reveal the progress and prognosis of a tumor. Methods widely reported for the detection of p21 mRNA are the real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot. However, these methods only detect mRNA in vitro and cannot realize the in situ monitoring of the p21 mRNA expression level in living cells. Additionally, the sensor for the real-time tracking and monitoring of the p21 mRNA location without the help of a transfection reagent in living cells is still limited. Herein, a novel sticky-flare was constructed for the dynamic monitoring of the temporal and spatial variations of p21 mRNA in living cells. The nanoprobe consists of AuNP, a recognition sequence modified with Cy5, and a thiol-modified DNA sequence. The thiol oligonucleotide strand could act partially complementary to the Cy5-modified oligonucleotide strand to form a double-stranded DNA linked to AuNP, resulting in the fluorescence quenching of Cy5 due to the energy transfer from Cy5 to the gold sphere. In the presence of p21 mRNA, the Cy5-modified recognition nucleic acid specifically bound to p21 mRNA to form a more stable double chain and escaped from the gold sphere, leading to the recovery of red fluorescence. Our method is better than other methods in its ability to quantify the spatial distribution and expression level of p21 mRNA in living cells and discriminate various tumor cell lines with different p21 mRNA expression levels by the naked eye. Particularly, the sticky-flare probe used in this assay could allow the visual evaluation of the tumor treatment effect and the determination of the tumor progression stage by enabling monitoring of the relative expression level of p21 mRNA in tumor cells after cisplatin treatment. The method reported here is accurate, reliable and needs no auxiliary tools (transfection reagent), and thereby provides a promising route for the prognostic evaluation and drug development of cancer treatment in the future.