Flexible lead-free piezoelectric arrays for high-efficiency wireless ultrasonic energy transfer and communication

Abstract

Implantable medical electronics (IMEs) are now becoming increasingly prevalent for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Despite extensive efforts, a primary challenge for IMEs is reliable wireless power and communication to provide well-controlled, therapeutically relevant effects. Ultrasonic energy transfer and communication (UETC) employing traveling ultrasound waves to transmit energy has emerged as a promising wireless strategy for IMEs. Nevertheless, conventional UETC systems are rigid, bulky, and based on toxic lead-based piezoelectric materials, raising efficiency and safety concerns. Here, we present a novel transcutaneous UETC system based on a two-dimensional flexible lead-free piezoelectric array (f-LFPA) that hybridizes high-performance (piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ ≈ 503 pC N⁻¹) (K,Na)NbO₃-based eco-friendly piezo-units with soft structural components. The newly developed lead-free piezo-unit exhibits submicron ferroelectric domains and superior energy harvesting figures of merit (d₃₃g₃₃ ≈ 20 000 × 10⁻¹⁵ m² N⁻¹), resulting in the prepared f-LFPA demonstrating a high output voltage of 22.4 V, a power density of 0.145 W cm⁻², and a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 30 dB within the FDA safety limits, while maintaining the flexibility for wide-angle receiving. Further ex vivo experiment demonstrates the adequate power supply capabilities of the f-LFPA and its possible application in future implantable eco-friendly bioelectronics for diagnostics, therapy, and real-time monitoring.