A biodegradable silver oxide-treated hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (AgO@HA)-interlaced poly(etherimide)/poly(methylmethacrylate) membrane for blood purification: an in vitro study

Abstract

The growing prevalence of renal disorder and the scarcity of healthy kidneys for donation necessitate the research and development of new types of hemodialysis membrane. By incorporating silver oxide-doped hydroxyapatite (AgO@HA) nanoparticles (NPs) into polyetherimide (PEI)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), we would like to develop a hemodialysis membrane that is more productive and biocompatible. The effective incorporation of hydrophilic AgO@HA on PEI/PMMA membrane surfaces was confirmed through analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The AgO@HA integrated PEI/PMMA matrix membrane enhanced the hydrophilicity, as evaluated by water contact angle (CA), water uptake ratio (WU), and swelling ratio (SR). AgO@HA had a greater bioavailability; hence these MMMs were considerably more biocompatible with blood and cells. They had a higher resistance to blood coagulation, hemodialysis assay and plasma recalcification time, and a longer clotting time. Then, the biocompatibility was analyzed by the cell viability and Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) technique. In addition, to determine the degradable percentage of the nanocomposite membrane, a biodegradability test was carried out using soil burial methods. All of these findings suggest that the AgO@HA-PEI/PMMA MMMs should be investigated further for use in blood-purifying applications.