Bimetallic Pd–Ag nanoclusters decorated micro-cellulose bio-template towards efficient catalytic Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of nitrogen-rich heterocycles

Abstract

Cellulose fibers (width 8 μm) were extracted from the waste feedstock of pomegranate peels in a simple filtration method using a water–ethanol system, without any harsh chemical pre-/post-treatments or techniques. The micro-fibrous network of cellulose functions as a true bio-template for Pd–Ag bimetallic nanoclusters and its formation is substantiated by standard analytical studies. The interfacial electron-transfer from the plasmonic metal Ag to Pd makes the newly developed heterogeneous-catalyst suitable for room temperature Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of nitrogen-rich heterocycles (74–93%) under visible light conditions. The enhanced catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability for at least six cycles resulted from the synergistic interactions between bimetal-centres via a localized surface plasmon resonance effect. The low energy input throughout the process holds potential for a sustainable transition from laboratory to large-scale nano-material production.