[2+2] Photocycloaddition in a bichromophoric dyad: photochemical concerted forward reaction following Woodward–Hoffmann rules and photoinduced stepwise reverse reaction of the ring opening via predissociation

Abstract

A novel biphotochromic dyad with styrylbenzo[f]quinoline photochromes was designed and synthesized to study the [2+2] photocycloaddition (PCA) reaction leading to cyclobutane with two benzo[f]quinoline (BQ) substituents and the reverse four-membered ring opening reaction. In the dyad, PCA occurs in a concerted manner according to the Woodward–Hoffmann rules in the ππ* excited state after excitation of the whole conjugated π-system comprising the ethylene group. Nanosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy indicated formation of an excimer as a possible intermediate of the PCA reaction. The reverse reaction of photoinduced cyclobutane ring opening is assumed to proceed stepwise according to the predissociation mechanism: after excitation of the BQ substituent, energy transfer (ET) occurs from the bonding ππ* term localized on the BQ substituent to the dissociative πσ* term localized on cyclobutane; the efficiency of such a process was measured for the first time. For the first time, it is suggested that the predissociation mechanism is common to the ring-opening reaction of any cyclobutane with an unsaturated substituent where the π-system of the substituent rather than the σ-system of cyclobutane is excited under light irradiation.