N-doped carbon dots as robust fluorescent probes for the rapid detection of hypochlorite

Abstract

Great advances have been made in the development of carbon dot (CD)-based fluorescent materials for the detection of hypochlorite in the past few years. However, developing new CDs with high quantum yield (QY) for the rapid detection of hypochlorite and gaining a deeper insight into the detection mechanism still need to be further investigated. Herein, N-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with high QYs, which can reach as high as 67%, were efficiently prepared employing citric acid and o-phenylenediamine as raw materials. Significantly, the NCDs could act as fluorescent probes for the rapid detection of hypochlorite and the limit of detection is calculated to be as low as 12.6 nM on the basis of fluorescent “on–off” effects upon the addition of hypochlorite. Furthermore, UV-vis absorption spectra, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and kinetic analysis of fluorescence (FL) decay were used to investigate the detection mechanism. The results indicate that the electron transfer (ET) process from NCDs to imine-functionalized NCDs (imine-NCDs) and the higher energy gap of imine-NCDs will facilitate the excited-energy of NCDs to be dissipated in the form of a non-radiative decay procedure, resulting in a static quenching mechanism. Therefore, these observations are useful in deepening the understanding of the hypochlorite induced FL quenching mechanism and thereby developing oxidative stress-related detection materials.