Faster palladium-catalyzed arylation of simple arenes in the presence of a methylketone: beneficial effect of an a priori interfering solvent in C–H activation

Abstract

The functionalization of simple arenes without coordinating directing groups is a challenge. Besides facing the task of cleaving the sluggish C–H bond, the process is hampered by the weak coordinating ability of the arene π-system to the metal, which results in reactions that need a large excess of the reactant arene. Using a well-defined palladium complex with the ligand [2,2′-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one, we have found that the use of a moderately coordinating solvent allows a decrease of the amount of arene used. Moreover, for the least coordinating arenes, the co-solvent produces a significant accelerating effect by altering the concentration and relative stability of relevant metal species in the catalytic cycle as well as the catalyst resting state. t-Butyl methyl ketone (pinacolone) is one of the most effective co-solvents: Even if the ketone C–H bond cleaves easily, the final products are determined by the reductive elimination step (the product-forming step) so the target biaryl products are selectively observed.