Ultrahigh-rate nickel monosulfide anodes for sodium/potassium-ion storage

Abstract

Transition-metal sulfides have been extensively studied as anode materials for use in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their multi-electron reactions, high rate performance, and abundant available resources. However, the practical capacities of metal sulfides remain low due to conductivity issues, volume expansion, and the use of traditional carbonate electrolytes. To overcome these drawbacks, ether electrolytes can be combined with nanoparticle-based metal sulfide anodes. Herein, a nanoparticle-based nickel monosulfide (NiS) anode with high rate performance in the ether electrolytes of SIBs/PIBs was prepared by heating a mixture of nickel nanoparticles with sulfur. In SIBs, the NiS anode capacity was 286 mA h g⁻¹ at a high current density of 100 A g⁻¹, and excellent cycling performance was observed at 25 A g⁻¹ with a capacity of 468 mA h g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles. Moreover, a full-cell containing a Na₃V₂(PO₄) cathode demonstrated a rate performance of 65 mA h g⁻¹ at a high current density of 100 A g⁻¹. In PIBs, the NiS electrode capacity was 642 and 37 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.5 and 100 A g⁻¹, respectively. Hence, the synthesised NiS nanoparticles possessed excellent storage capability, regardless of the alkali-ion type, suggesting their potential use as robust NiS anodes for advanced battery systems.