Spray-dried assembly of 3D N,P-Co-doped graphene microspheres embedded with core–shell CoP/MoP@C nanoparticles for enhanced lithium-ion storage

Abstract

The advancement of novel synthetic approaches for micro/nanostructural manipulation of transition metal phosphide (TMP) materials with precisely controlled engineering is crucial to realize their practical use in batteries. Here, we develop a novel spray-drying strategy to construct three-dimensional (3D) N,P co-doped graphene (G-NP) microspheres embedded with core–shell CoP@C and MoP@C nanoparticles (CoP@C⊂G-NP, MoP@⊂G-NP). This intentional design shows a close correlation between the microstructural G-NP and chemistry of the core–shell CoP@C/MoP@C nanoparticle system that contributes towards their anode performance in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The obtained structure features a conformal porous G-NP framework prepared via the co-doping of heteroatoms (N,P) that features a 3D conductive highway that allows rapid ion and electron passage and maintains the overall structural integrity of the material. The interior carbon shell can efficiently restrain volume evolution and prevent CoP/MoP nanoparticle aggregation, providing excellent mechanical stability. As a result, the CoP@C⊂G-NP and MoP@⊂G-NP composites deliver high specific capacities of 823.6 and 602.9 mA h g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.1 A g⁻¹ and exhibit excellent cycling stabilities of 438 and 301 mA h g⁻¹ after 500 and 800 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. The present work details a novel approach to fabricate core–shell TMPs@C⊂G-NP-based electrode materials for use in next-generation LIBs and can be expanded to other potential energy storage applications.