Spatially confined photoexcitation with triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion

Abstract

Two-photon absorption (TPA) has been widely used in confocal microscopy, photo-initiated three-dimensional (3D) polymerization, and 3D-micro/nanofabrication. These applications are based on the spatial confinement of the TPA excitation, due to the quadratic excitation power dependency of the excitation. However, an expensive and high-power femtosecond (fs) pulsed laser has to be used. Herein, we show a new technique as a promising alternative to the TPA to achieve spatially confined excitation, but no fs laser and TPA dyes are required. This new spatially confined excitation with a continuous wave laser is based on triplet–triplet-annihilation upconversion. The potential of the new technique was demonstrated by spatially confined photopolymerization.