Boosting Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode stability using a concentrated aqueous electrolyte for high-voltage zinc batteries

Abstract

We demonstrate that the capacity decay and voltage drop issues of the Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode are significantly addressed by using a concentrated aqueous electrolyte based on Zn and Li salts. The resultant aqueous Zn//Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ battery achieves a high output voltage of 1.75 V and a long lifespan with 82.3% capacity retention over 2000 cycles. Joint structural and spectroscopic characterizations reveal that this battery operates through Li⁺ (de)intercalation into the cathode along with Zn²⁺ plating/stripping at the anode.