Nanocubes composed of FeS2@C nanoparticles as advanced anode materials for K-ion storage

Abstract

K-ion batteries (KIBs) are considered as one of the most promising devices for large-scale energy storage because of the comparable output voltage with lithium-ion batteries and the abundant reserves of potassium. FeS₂ is regarded as a kind of very important anode material for KIBs due to its low cost and high capacity. However, the poor electronic conductivity and huge volume expansion of FeS₂ during the discharge/charge process strongly inhibit the K-storage performance. To solve these problems, herein, unique core–shell FeS₂@C nanocubes with nanoparticles in the interior and carbon shells in the exterior are designed. The inside FeS₂ nanoparticles are beneficial for K⁺ diffusion and the penetration of the electrolyte, while the outside carbon shells can enhance the electronic conductivity and suppress the volume expansion. The unique core–shell structure displays outstanding K-storage performance with impressive specific capacity, excellent cycling stability, and superior rate capability with 73% capacity retention at 2 A g⁻¹. This work not only provides solutions to obtain a superior anode material for KIBs but also offers insights into designing a hierarchical structure for energy storage systems.