Main and secondary relaxations of non-polymeric high-Tg glass formers as revealed by dielectric spectroscopy

Abstract

A series of high-T_g glass formers with T_g values varying between 347 and 390 K and molar masses in the range of 341 and 504 g mol⁻¹ are investigated by dielectric spectroscopy. They are compared to paradigmatic reference systems. Differently polar side groups are attached to a rigid non-polar core unit at different positions. Thereby, the dielectric relaxation strength varies over more than two decades. All the relaxation features typical of molecular glass formers are rediscovered, i.e. stretching of the main (α-) relaxation, a more or less pronounced secondary (β-) process, and a fragility index quite similar to that of other molecular systems. The position of the polar nitrile side group influences the manifestation of the β-relaxation. The α-relaxation stretching displays the trend to become less with higher relaxation strength Δε_α, confirming recent reports. Typical for a generic β-process is the increase of its amplitude above T_g, which is found to follow a power-law behaviour as a function of the ratio τ_α/τ_β with a universal exponent; yet, its relative amplitude to that of the α-relaxation varies as does the temporal separation of both processes. The mean activation energy of the β-process as well as the width of the energy distribution g_β(E) increases more or less systematically with T_g. The latter is determined from the dielectric spectra subjected to a scaling procedure assuming a thermally activated process. Plotting g_β(E) as a function of the reduced energy scale E/T_g, the distributions are centred between 19–35 and their widths differ by a factor 2–3.