Elusive hypervalent phosphorus⋯π interactions: evidence for paradigm transformation from hydrogen to phosphorus bonding at low temperatures

Abstract

The π electron systems are the conventional electron donors to the hydrogen acceptors in hydrogen bonding. Apart from the hydrogen atom, halogens, chalcogens, pnicogens and triel/tetrel atoms can also be envisaged as electron acceptors involving π clouds. Markedly, in pnicogen⋯π interactions, the bonding of the hypervalent (predominantly pentavalent) state of the phosphorus atom with π electron donors is elusive and can be thought of as an intuitive extension to trivalent phosphorus⋯π interactions. In this work, on the one hand, POCl₃ was taken as a prototypical molecule to explore these pentavalent phosphorus interactions and on the other hand, acetylene (C₂H₂), ethylene (C₂H₄) and benzene (C₆H₆), in which phosphorus⋯π bonding can be expected to compete with hydrogen and halogen bonding interactions, were taken as π electron donors. All three POCl₃–C₂H₂, POCl₃–C₂H₄ and POCl₃–C₆H₆ heterodimers were experimentally generated at low temperatures in Ar and N₂ matrices and were characterized by both infrared spectroscopy and state-of-the-art quantum chemical computations. Though hydrogen bonding dominates in POCl₃–C₂H₂ and POCl₃–C₂H₄ heterodimers, phosphorus bonding plays a definite and non-trivial role in their overall stabilization. An interesting paradigm transformation was noticed in the POCl₃–C₆H₆ system, where pentavalent phosphorus⋯π bonding was observed to completely influence the hydrogen bonding interaction. To further shed light on these P⋯π systems, the interaction characteristics were analyzed with the help of electrostatic potential mapping, natural bond orbital and energy decomposition analyses.