Facile synthesis of a high electrical and ion conductivity junction-less 3D carbon sponge electrode for self-standing lithium ion battery anode

Abstract

Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are the most extensively researched and developed batteries. Currently, LIBs are used in various applications such as electric vehicles (EV), hybrid EVs (HEV), plug-in HEVs, and energy storage systems. However, their energy density is insufficient and further improvement is required. In this study, we propose the facile synthesis of a self-standing, junction-less 3D carbon sponge electrode (3DCS) for improving the energy density. A self-standing structure can improve the energy density by reducing non-active materials such as binders and current collectors, in electrodes. We use a kitchenware melamine sponge as the carbon precursor. The utilization of materials mass-produced by existing facilities is crucial for ensuring availability and low costs. Such characteristics are imperative for industrialization. These self-standing 3DCS electrodes, fabricated using available low-cost melamine sponges, demonstrate high charge-rate characteristics with a capacity retention of 81.8% at 4000 mA g⁻¹ and cycle durability with 95.4% capacity retention after 500 cycles, without current collector, binder, and conductive additives. This high availability, low-cost material with excellent characteristics is beneficial for research institutions and companies that do not have facilities.