Movement of palladium nanoparticles in hollow graphitised nanofibres: the role of migration and coalescence in nanocatalyst sintering during the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction

Abstract

The evolution of individual palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) catalysts in graphitised nanofibres (GNF) in the liquid-phase Suzuki–Miyaura (SM) reaction has been appraised. The combination of identical location-transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) and a nano test tube approach allowed spatiotemporally continuous observations at the single nanoparticle level, revealing that migration and coalescence is the most significant pathway to coarsening of the nanocatalyst, rather than Ostwald ripening. IL-TEM gave unprecedented levels of detail regarding the movement of PdNP on carbon surfaces at the nanoscale, including size-dependent migration and directional movement, opening horizons for the optimisation of future catalysts through surface morphology design.