Light-assisted electrochemical water-splitting at very low bias voltage using metal-free polythiophene as photocathode at high pH in a full-cell setup

Abstract

We report the use of polyterthiophenes (PTTh) as a rare, combined light-harvester and catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction at high pH. Illuminated PTTh in combination with a MnO_x anode in a two-electrode setup exhibited stable water-splitting at a bias-potential of only 0.3 V at pH 12. This confirms that PTTh used as photocathode can produce photovoltages of at least 900 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction at high pH and is therefore a suitable match for traditional water-oxidation catalysts such as MnO_x, CoO_x, and RuO_x. Films of PTTh were fabricated using a novel, metal-free method where iodine vapor is used as oxidant; thus, previously observed interference from metal residuals was omitted and thereby a gravimetric photo electrocatalytic conversion rate of 330 mmol(H₂) h⁻¹ g⁻¹ was achieved in phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 0 V vs. RHE. A striking property of this new strand of polythiophene was an “inverse” correlation (compared to that predicted using the Nernstian relationship) between the onset potential for the light-assisted water reduction reaction and pH: the potential (vs. RHE) required for a given current was more positive at higher pH, which is not observed for other (photo-) electrocatalytic materials, and indicates that the charge neutralization of PTTh (rather than the pH) guides the onset potential.