Structural characterization of metal complexes in aqueous solutions: a XAS study of stannous fluoride

Abstract

The identity and structure of tin(II)-fluoride complexes formed in aqueous solutions is determined by combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy, thermodynamic modeling and quantum mechanical calculations. Spectroscopic measurements confirm the presence of 3 stannous fluoride complexes, SnF⁺, SnF⁰₂ and SnF₃⁻, with mean Sn–F bond distances that increase linearly, from 1.98 to about 2.04 Å, as a function of the coordination number. Computational ab initio calculations indicate that the stannous fluoride complexes form localized σ_s–p bonds, with the stereochemically active lone pair of the Sn(II) atom distorting the geometry of the complexes. In addition, the SnF₃⁻ complex exhibits loosely coordinated water, which is removed upon addition of glycerol to lower the solvent activity. Our results provide spectroscopic confirmation of the stannous fluoride complexes proposed in the literature, and explain why glycerol additions stabilize solutions of Sn(II) against oxidation.