Synergistically enhanced upconversion luminescence in Li+-doped core–shell-structured ultrasmall nanoprobes for dual-mode deep tissue fluorescence/CT imaging

Abstract

The development of upconversion luminescence that allows for multimodal imaging in terms of resolution and penetration depth using a single system is attracting increasing interest for use in clinical molecular imaging and diagnostics. In this study, a simple method for inducing high-intensity upconversion luminescence by doping Li⁺ ions in a core–shell-structured NaLuF₄:Yb,Tm system was developed. The synergistic effects of Li⁺ doping and the shell layer enhanced the luminescence intensity by approximately 210 times. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the high-intensity luminescence of nanoparticles exhibited a depth penetration ability for biological tissue. Owing to the heavy atom effect of the Lu³⁺ ions, the nanoparticles, which had a size of 23 nm, showed good CT imaging performance when compared with a clinical contrast agent, in addition to allowing for deep tissue imaging. The excellent optical and CT imaging properties of the Li⁺-doped high-luminescence core–shell upconversion nanoparticles suggest that they are highly suited for use in both deep tissue fluorescence imaging and CT imaging for multimodal diagnosis.