Template-free synthesis of nitrogen doped carbon materials from an organic ionic dye (murexide) for supercapacitor application†
Abstract
The present study describes a template-free single step carbonization route to prepare hierarchically structured nitrogen-doped carbon materials (NCMs) by using an organic ionic dye (OID), ammonium purpurate (murexide). These NCMs exhibited moderate specific surface area (307 m2 gβ1 for NCM(MDE)-900) and hierarchical macro/meso/microporous structures with abundant nitrogenous functionalities that contributed towards the high specific capacitance displayed by pseudocapacitive contribution. In particular, the NCM(MDE)-800 displayed superior specific capacitance (222 F gβ1 at 3 A gβ1) and excellent cyclic stability of βΌ10β000 cycles at 10 A gβ1 in 1 M 1.0 M H2SO4(aq). The material prepared at higher temperature, viz. NCM(MDE)-900, exhibited high rate capability at 50 A gβ1, which is 92% of their specific capacitances at 10 A gβ1. Further systematic investigations of NCM(MDE)-800 in three different electrolytes, viz. 1.0 M H2SO4(aq), 6 M KOH(aq) and 0.5 M Na2SO4(aq), revealed that 1.0 M H2SO4(aq) is a promising electrolyte for achieving good specific capacitance, high capacitive retention and long term cyclic stability, which might have its origins in the formation of ionic interactions between the active protons in 1.0 M H2SO4(aq) and the alpha carbon atoms with Lewis basic character next to the nitrogen in these NCMs.