The application of a bee glue-modified sensor in daclatasvir dual effect detection

Abstract

A simple and novel carbon paste sensor containing chemically mixed propolis (bee glue) and graphene oxide (GO) was prepared, then electrochemical deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed to fabricate a selective and sensible electrochemical sensor to detect Daclatasvir (DAC). This drug was newly approved in July 2015 as an essential medicine for Hepatitis C in the USA. A limited study was performed on this drug. The modified synthesized sensor has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and electrochemical experiments. The SNMGOPE (silver nanoparticles modified graphene oxide carbon paste electrode) gives a high electrocatalytic activity for 1.0 mM DAC oxidation in Britton Robinson (BR) buffer of pH = 2.0. The change in DAC concentration (2.5 × 10⁻⁸ to 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ M) was investigated against current, at 10 mV s⁻¹, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), giving a detection limit of 1.599 nM. Improvement in the electron transfer process and a decrease in charge transfer resistance were detected. This created a sensor that effectively analyzes DAC concentration in real samples, such as pharmaceutical formulations and human urine samples.