Structural analysis and magnetic induced hyperthermia of Fe3+ and Mn2+ substituted β-Ca3(PO4)2

Abstract

The design of attractive materials for application in hyperthermia therapy has been in huge demand during recent years. To achieve this aim, magnetic features are induced in bioactive β-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP, β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂] through Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ co-substitution. A series of Fe³⁺/Mn²⁺ co-substitutions in β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂ are synthesized through a co-precipitation route. Detailed structural analysis emphasizes the formation of β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂ solid solutions with Fe³⁺/Mn²⁺ co-substitutions. Both Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ prefer to occupy the Ca²⁺(5) site of β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂ up to a limit of ∼10 mol% and thereafter get accommodated at the Ca²⁺(4) lattice site. The synthesized materials exhibit magnetic features and heating ability tests certify their potential role in hyperthermia applications. Haemolytic and cytotoxicity tests confirm the biocompatibility of the synthesized thermoseeds.