Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of substituted 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-pyran-2-one (CHP) in pursuit of new potential antituberculosis agents

Abstract

Tuberculosis is an ever-evolving infectious disease that urgently needs new drugs. In the search for new antituberculosis agents, a library of 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-ones (CHPs) (2a–2y) was synthesized and evaluated against a standard virulent laboratory strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Out of 25 compounds, 11, 5, 7 and 2 (2a and 2u) showed least, moderate, good and appreciable activities, respectively, based on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Both 2a and 2u exhibited an MIC value of 4 μg ml⁻¹, which was close to those of standard antituberculosis drugs ethambutol, streptomycin and levofloxacin. Neither 2a nor 2u showed any activity against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria and even against non-tuberculous mycobacterium, i.e. Mycobacterium smegmatis. Thus, like the antituberculosis drugs rifampicin, isoniazid and pretomanid, they are highly TB specific. All the pyrone-based chalcones showed no recognizable level of cytotoxicity against normal human kidney cell line (HEK-293) up to 80 μM concentration and 11 exhibited an IC₅₀ ≤ 100 μM (highest tested concentration). On further investigation, both 2a and 2u proved to be nontoxic against four human cell lines but 2a proved to be a better choice as it did not reach IC₅₀ even at 100 μM (highest tested concentration) while the IC₅₀ of 2u was around 80 μM. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that 2a is specific against M. tuberculosis with no appreciable toxicity; its activity matches that of some clinically approved antituberculosis drugs and it therefore merits further evaluation.