Low intensity, continuous wave photodoping of ZnO quantum dots – photon energy and particle size effects

Abstract

The unique properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have found application in the conversion of solar to chemical energy. How the relative rates of the redox processes that control QD photon efficiencies depend on the particle radius (r) and photon energy (E_λ), however, is not fully understood. Here, we address these issues and report the quantum yields (Φs) of interfacial charge transfer and electron doping in ZnO QDs capped with ethylene glycol (EG) as a function of r and E_λ in the presence and absence of methyl viologen (MV²⁺) as an electron acceptor, respectively. We found that Φs for the oxidation of EG are independent of E_λ and photon fluence (φ_λ), but markedly increase with r. The independence of Φs on φ_λ ensures that QDs are never populated by more than one electron–hole pair, thereby excluding Auger-type terminations. We show that these findings are consistent with the operation of an interfacial redox process that involves thermalized carriers in the Marcus inverted region. In the absence of MV²⁺, QDs accumulate electrons up to limiting volumetric densities ρ_e,∞ that depend sigmoidally on excess photon energy E* = E_λ − E_BG(r), where E_BG(r) is the r-dependent bandgap energy. The maximum electron densities: ρ_ev,∞ ∼ 4 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³, are reached at E* > 0.5 eV, independent of the particle radius.