Terminal moiety-driven electrical performance of asymmetric small-molecule-based organic solar cells

Abstract

With respect to the successes from symmetric small molecules, asymmetric ones have recently emerged as an alternative choice. In this paper, we present the synthesis and photovoltaic properties of four asymmetric small molecule donors. The benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) end in the asymmetric push–pull CNR–DPP–BDT (CNR = octyl-2-cyano-3-(thiophen-2-yl)acrylate, DPP = diketopyrrolopyrrole) was tailored from hydrogen (H) to thiophene (T), 2-hexylbithiophene (HTT), and CNR, respectively, obtaining M1, M2, M3, and M4. In this order, the donor–donor interactions are enhanced with an increase of intermolecular forces, such as π–π-stacking and van de Waals forces, which enhances aggregation of the donor molecules. In parallel, the molecular dipolarity (|μ|) increases in this order from 5.39 D to 6.26 D, 6.34 D, and 6.92 D, respectively, gradually deviating from the value of PC₇₁BM (5.01 D). The increase in the donor-to-PC₇₁BM doplarity difference acts as another factor for enhancing the donor-to-PC₇₁BM phase-separation. The donor/acceptor domain sizes increase from M1 (10 nm) to M2 (20 nm) and M3 (50 nm), and even formation of island-like mesostructured PC₇₁BM aggregates (200 nm) for M4, corresponding to declined short-circuit current density (J_sc) and fill factor (FF) as well as hole mobility (μ_h) from M1 to M4. This work reveals that control over the terminal moieties of asymmetric small molecules can be an important factor in tailoring photovoltaic performance.